ABSTRACT
In today’s orthodontic practice esthetics is a primary concern both for patient and the orthodontist. The perception of esthetics for a lay person largely depends on the symmetry of the face. Hence, diagnosis and correction of the transverse discrepancy are imperative for optimum result. Some occlusal relations can result from skeletal jaw relation or from tooth positions. Malocclusion can occur in three planes of space, i.e., sagittal, transverse, and vertical plane. Transverse discrepancy is “An abnormality of development in transverse plane.” In orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, the emphasis is placed on recognizing asymmetry and achieving symmetric results with dental midlines coincident with each other and with the facial midline. Humans, like most other animals, are considered to display bilateral symmetry. By strict definition, this implies that mirror-image mathematical identity exists between right and left halves. In orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, emphasis is placed on recognizing asymmetry and achieving symmetric results. Treatment of an asymmetry can be challenging. The 1st treatment step is to diagnose if the asymmetry is of functional, dental or skeletal cause. The treatment options for transverse problem may include arch coordination, asymmetric extraction, asymmetric mechanics, and skeletal correction by orthopedic or surgical procedure. However, it is crucial to determine that the observed asymmetry is genuine and not the product of a functional or habitual shift of the mandible as is often the case with unilateral cross-bites due to reduced width of the maxillary arch.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the plasma H2S levels and H2S synthesis activity in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rats compared to the healthy controls and also to observe the effect of the aqueous extract of Swietenia macrophylla (S. macrophylla) seeds on the experimental groups. Methods: Seeds of S. macrophylla were separated, washed, shed-dried and finally extract was prepared. Thirty two wistar rats were selected for the experimental study. Streptozotocin was used for the induction of diabetes. H2S concentration in plasma was measured. H2S synthesizing activity in plasma was measured. Statistical analysis have done using Microsoft excel, Office 2003. Values were expressed by mean±SD. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results:rats. The glucose levels are significantly lowered in the rats treated with metformin (5.48±0.03) mmol/L as well as with aqueous extract of S. macrophylla seeds (3.72±0.04) mmol/L. The HbA1c percentages in different groups of study subjects also indicate similar trends. Our study shows both the plasma H2S levels (22.07±0.73) mmol/L and plasma H2S synthesis activity (0.411±0.005 mmol/100 g) are significantly reduced in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.Conclusions:Although considering a small sample size, it can conclude that the fasting blood Fasting blood glucose level (7.74±0.02) mmol/L was significantly increased in diabetic glucose levels are inversely related to plasma H2S levels as well as H2S synthesis activity in plasma and the extract of S. macrophylla is associated with increased plasma H2S levels with effective lowering of blood glucose in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.